Windows 10 boot failing after Win/Linux dual-boot migration to new SSD

Following this tutorial (without encryption), I copied/cloned all SSD partitions from my old 256 GB NVME SSD to a new 4 TB NVME SSD. Having then replaced the old with the new SSD in the Notebook, Grub as well as Linux start just fine. However, when I select Windows from the boot list, I obtain a blue recovery screen (German text), telling me the PC needs to be repaired and showing error code 0xc000000e.

Is there a way to repair this, preferably without the need for a Windows installation medium? I have the old SSD plugged via USB and would like to copy once again the relevant partition(s) to the (new) internal SSD. Could someone please assist in choosing the right tools/commands for that task?

For the old SSD (USB-plugged), parted -l gives me

Gerät         Anfang      Ende  Sektoren Größe Typ
/dev/sdb1       2048    206847    204800  100M EFI-System
/dev/sdb2     206848    239615     32768   16M Microsoft reserved
/dev/sdb3     239616 251850751 251611136  120G Microsoft Basisdaten
/dev/sdb4  498020352 500117503   2097152    1G Windows Recovery
... Linux stuff

and for the new SSD (internal):

Gerät              Anfang       Ende   Sektoren Größe Typ
/dev/nvme0n1p1       2048    2099199    2097152    1G EFI-System
/dev/nvme0n1p2    2099200    2131967      32768   16M Microsoft reserved
/dev/nvme0n1p3    2131968  421562367  419430400  200G Microsoft Basisdaten
... Linux partitions/swap
/dev/nvme0n1p8 7811936256 7814035455    2099200    1G Windows-Recovery

Sorry for the German outputs. I remember having created nvme0n1p1 (EFI), nvme0n1p3 (Win installation) and nvme0n1p8 (Win recovery) partitions with Gparted and used rsync -avhP for file transfer. But for nvme0n1p2 (MS reserved) i used dd because I had issues when trying Gparted partition cloning or simple copying. BTW, I set the EFI partition size to 1 GB.

Which of these partitions is actually causing the Win boot error? And how would I re-transfer it to the new SSD? That should be possible without a live medium at all I assume.

Many thanks!