How does bash work?

About bash

For a new tty when is executed the echo $SHLVL command it displays 1 as expected. Now, if in the same tty is executed the bash command and later again the echo $SHLVL command it displays 2. Is mandatory use the exit command to exit of course. Furthermore I did do realize that each bash has its own history command and the user is interacting or has access in the current bash.

So far, after to did do a research it seems it is a kind of subshell (correct me if I am wrong), it because mostly a subshell is created through the (<command>) approach instead.

Just as playing I executed the bash cat /etc/os-release command and nothing is printed.

Therefore being curious

Question

  • How does bash <command-argument> work?

As extra question:

  • Under what circumstances the bash <command-argument> approach would be mandatory to be applied?

Observation

In the answer was indicated to expect an error message. Well, the error mentioned is correct (tested on Ubuntu and Fedora) but in my case the bash cat /etc/os-release command was applied as an argument to create a docker container based on Linux and none error was shown as indicated from the beginning and it was the reason to create this post. Well it is other history